Normal vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature) and body mass index (BMI) between 18 and 30 kg/m 2 Suboptimal vitamin B12 status (deficient to borderline 200300 pg/mL), defined as serum B12 levels within the lower end of the reference range (234894 pg/mL) Able to provide informed written consent Able to comply with study procedures and follow-up visits as outlined in the protocol 2.2.2 Exclusion criteria Known hypersensitivity or allergy to oral vitamin B12 supplements or any of its components Known history of cobalt allergy or sensitivity Severe malabsorption syndromes, including pernicious anemia or intestinal disorders affecting vitamin B12 absorption Current use of acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, antacids, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), multivitamins, or nutritional supplements containing vitamin B12 History of gastric bypass surgery or other procedures that significantly alter GI anatomy or function Significant renal impairment (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] 0.05) Supplementary Table 1
Sanofi-Aventis) is a first-in-class cannabinoid CB1 antagonist, recently approved in the European Union for the treatment of obesity, which yielded 12-month weight loss of 6.3 kg versus 1.6 kg for placebo
MIC shots are compounded formulas combining B12 with methionine, inositol, and choline marketed specifically for weight loss
Hydroxocobalamin is the form typically used in intramuscular injections for treating B12 deficiency in the UK, as recommended by NICE guidelines
Reactions were performed with 2 M nicotinamide and 30 M phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) in the presence of 1 mM ATP and recombinant human NAMPT enzyme
